Azimi P, Ghiasvand R, Feizi A, et al. Effect of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron and ginger consumption on blood pressure and a marker of endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Blood Press. 2016;25(3):133-40. View abstract. Krishnakumar, P. K. (6 August 2014). "Cardamom production set to fall 40%". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014. Edible plant products". FAO. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014. Susilowati, R., et al. (2014). Gastroprotective effects of combination of hot water extracts of turmeric ( Curcuma domestica L.), cardamom pods ( Ammomum compactum S.) and sembung leaf ( Blumea balsamifera DC.) against aspirin–induced gastric ulcer model in rats. Aubertine, C. (2004) "Cardamom ( Amomum spp.) in Lao PDR: the hazardous future of an agroforest system product", in Forest products, livelihoods and conservation: case studies of non-timber forest products systems. Vol. 1-Asia, Center for International Forestry Research. Bogor, Indonesia.

Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert, "κάρδαμον", A Greek-English Lexicon, Perseus Digital Library at Tufts University, archived from the original on 17 October 2021 , retrieved 20 February 2021 Studies in rats have found that the high antioxidant levels in the spice may prevent both liver enlargement, anxiety and even aid weight loss:

Fatemeh Y, Siassi F, Rahimi A, et al. The effect of cardamom supplementation on serum lipids, glycemic indices and blood pressure in overweight and obese pre-diabetic women: a randomized controlled trial. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2017;16:40. doi:10.1186/s40200-017-0320-8 Research shows that cardamom extracts and essential oils have compounds that fight several common strains of bacteria ( 22, 23, 24, 25).

Increased demand since the 1980s, principally from China, for both A. villosum and A. tsao-ko, has been met by farmers living at higher altitudes in localized areas of China, Laos, and Vietnam, people typically isolated from many other markets. [21] [22] [23] History edit Chinese drawing and description of cardamom from the Bencao Pinhui Jingyao (1505), by imperial physician Liu WentaiTest-tube studies have also shown that cardamom essential oils fight the bacteria Salmonella that leads to food poisoning and Campylobacter that contributes to stomach inflammation ( 24, 25). One study found that cardamom extracts were effective in fighting five bacteria that can cause dental cavities. In some test-tube cases, the extracts prevented the growth of the bacteria by up to 0.82 inches (2.08 cm) ( 20).

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/jmf.2011.0266?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&journalCode=jmf al Zuhair, H., el Sayeh, B., Ameen, H. A., and al Shoora, H. Pharmacological studies of cardamom oil in animals. Pharmacol.Res 1996;34(1-2):79-82. View abstract. In fact, at doses of 12.5 mg per kg (5.7 mg per pound) of body weight, cardamom extract was more effective than a common anti-ulcer medication ( 17). Cardamom production began in ancient times, and has been referred to in ancient Sanskrit texts as ela. [24] The Babylonians and Assyrians recognized the health benefits of the spice early on, and trade in cardamom opened up along land routes and by the interlinked Persian Gulf route controlled from Dilmun as early as the third millennium BCE Early Bronze Age, [25] into western Asia and the Mediterranean world. Research on human cancer cells and cardamom indicate similar results. One study showed that a certain compound in the spice stopped oral cancer cells in test tubes from multiplying ( 9).Azimi P, Ghiasvand R Feizi A, Hariri M, Abbasi B. Effects of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron, and ginger consumption on markers of glycemic control, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud. 2014 Fall-Winter;11(3-4):258-66. View abstract. Later, in the 16th century, the Portuguese became involved in the trade, when it conquered the west coast of India, but the industry did not become of major interest on a wider scale to Europeans until the 19th century. [26] Production practices edit Kusters, Koen; Belcher, Brian (2004). Forest Products, Livelihoods and Conservation. Center for International Forestry Research. ISBN 978-979-3361-23-9. Aghasi, M., et al. (2019). Beneficial effects of green cardamom on serum SIRT1, glycemic indices and triglyceride levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double‐blind placebo controlled clinical trial [Abstract].